Making the Invisible Stratigraphy Visible: A Grid-Based, Multi-Proxy Geoarchaeological Study of Umhlatuzana Rockshelter, South Africa

Umhlatuzana rockshelter is an archaeological site with occupational record covering the Middle Stone Age, Later and Iron Age. The presence of both Age assemblages makes ideal location for study MSA–LSA transition (20–40 ka) in southern Africa. This transitional period characterized by important modifications stone tool technology, from prepared core technology to a toolkit based on microlith production. These changes are argued have occurred response climate environment leading up Last Glacial Maximum. deposits bearing at appear homogeneous no visible stratigraphic boundaries. integrates geoarchaeological techniques order explore fine-resolution geochemical differentiations sediments that macroscopically invisible, will provide insight into (post-)depositional processes over time. Samples were systematically retrieved western profile following grid-based sampling strategy analyzed pH, elemental composition (XRF), Magnetic Susceptibility. Additionally, results integrated preliminary micromorphological observations. Our reveals steady, gradual change geochemistry throughout Pleistocene, related combination environmental occupation intensity. We suggest part sequence reported bear industries wetter conditions compared underlying deposits. we support previous studies excluded large scale post-depositional movement sedimentary sequence. offers successful multi-proxy approach sample macro micro scale, integrating variety techniques. provides depositional history site, allows questions integrity, anthropogenic input, preservation, be addressed.